4.1.3 duty 解释 "责任、义务", 这是一个常规用词.
强调应当去做或者避免去做一件事;它的涵义侧重于发自内心.从道德、伦理、良心或传统习惯等出发的责任和义务. duty 可指的责任或义务可对己,也可对人.
4.1.4 be responsible for sth 课文里面的用词,意思是"对…负责". 其涵义在于:指人在道义上负有某义务或要施行某责任.
4.2 简化句中的 traders 对应于原句中的哪部分呢?
traders 和课文中的 whether the buyer or the seller 这个部分相对应. whether A or B: "不论是 A 还是 B".值得注意的是后面的动词用单数形式.课文中用的是 is.
4.3 简化句中的 relevant,也就是词组be responsible for后面的这个 sth. 那么,贸易商究竟要对哪些 sth 负责呢? such necessities as export license, customs clearance, inspections, and…
4.3.1 such A as B 解释"如…的,像…的":
4.3.2 这里的 A 是指 necessity, 复数: necessities. necessity 原意:"必然的事,决不可无的事"这里可解释为"必定要做的事". 课文中用的是复数,意思是要做的事情还不止一件哦.
4.3.3 这里的 B 是指:
(1) export license (英语用:licence,美语用:license,下同): 出口许可证
import license 进口许可证
license system 许可证制度
license-trading 许可证贸易
driving license 驾驶执照
license / licence 一般指的是由法律认可的机构发给的正式书面的许可证.
(2) inspection 检验
全称是: commodity inspection 商品检验
再如: shanghai entry-exit inspection and quarantine bureau上海出入境检验检疫局
4.3.4 综合前三例,我们终于明白了:买卖双方必须各自要对诸如进出口许可证、进出口清结关、商品检验检疫等事项负责.这是他们应尽的责任和义务.
4.5 这句关键的一个动词 specify
(1) specify = to give exact details of something
"明确说明,具体说明,详述,指明"
由这个动词引申出来一个很要紧的名词是: specification (说明书)这些定义性的常见字词还有:
(2) mean = to represent (a meaning) "意指,意思是…,表示…的意思"
(课文中有这个词)
(3) state = express in words, esp. carefully, fully and clearly"陈述,表述"
(4) explain = to give the meaning of something "阐明,说明,解释"
(5) indicate = state briefly, point out "表明,表示"
(6) define = to explain the exact meaning of (a word, a phrase, etc)."给…下定义,定义为"
5. 句子：
They specify at which point the risk of loss and/or damage passes from seller to buyer as well as which party pays for specific activities.
我们可以把句子简化成:
The 13 trade terms specify the transfer of risks (风险的转移) besides division of costs (费用的划分).
5.1 原句中的 they = the 13 trade terms
5.2 transfer of risks (风险的转移) 系指课文中说的: at which point the risk of loss and / or damage passes from seller to buyer
5.2.1 point = an exact moment, particular time or state
这是一个抽象的概念,是一个不可数名词,指"(在空间或时间真实的或想象当中的)点".例如:
at this point = at this moment or at this place (在此刻,在此地)
at which point = at which moment or at which place (在何时何地)
5.2.2 the risk of loss and / or damage 解释"货物灭失或损坏的风险"
5.2.3 pass from … to … 或 pass … to/into …
pass = change (改变事物的状况,使变成另一种状态), 例如: Water passes from a liquid to a solid state when it freezes.
课文中的意思是风险点从卖方的手中转移到买方的手中的
5.3 原句中的 as well as = besides
5.4 division of costs (费用的划分) 系指课文中说的: which party pays for specific activities.
5.4.1 activity = things (to be) dong 这个名词的复数形式尤指"所做或待做的事务、工作等"
5.4.2 specific = detailed and exact, clear in meaning."具体的、明确的、详尽的、详细的"
例如: Be specific in your examination answers. (考试答案力求明确具体)
近义词: definite
反义词: approximate (大概的、极近于…的)
pays for specific activities 解释"支付具体事项的费用"
6. 句子：
A buyer and a seller who conduct their purchase and sale under one of the INCOTERMS, therefore, will have a mutual understanding of their rights, costs, and obligations.
我们以 therefore 为界,分析这句含因果关系的句子:
6.1 因: a buyer and a seller who conduct their purchase and sale under one of the INCOTERMS
关键字词是: conduct their purchase and sale
6.1.1 conduct = control, manage "管理、经营、处理"
例如: conduct a business (经营生意)
例如: conduct negotiations (指导洽谈、主持谈判)
6.1.2 purchase = buying "购买" (近义词: buy 反义词: sale)
例如: purchase order = buying order = order (购买订单)
例如: purchase contract (购买合同)
例如: purchase and sale = buying and selling (购销)
例如: repurchase (购回)
例如: purchasing (采购)
6.1.3 sale (名词), sell (动词) "出售、销售"
例如: for sale (待售)
例如: on sale (销售中,出售中)
例如: sale by sample (凭样品销售)
例如: salesman, saleswoman, sales manager
(注意: sale 后面一定要加 -s)
6.2 果: (a buyer and a seller) will have a mutual understanding of their rights, costs, and obligations.
6.2.1 关键字词之一是: understanding (了解、理解、认识、领会) of their rights, costs, and obligation
6.2.2 关键字词之二是: mutual = each to the other(s)
(相互的、彼此的,人们常用mutual指两个或多个共同的事物)
have a mutual understanding of their rights, costs, and obligations (对于他们的权利、费用和义务达成共识)
，部分货代英语试题