4 Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo（solar energy reflected back to space），which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere，such as thinning Arctic sea ice，melting glaciers and permafrost.Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.
5 “Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space，thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon~，”Hansen said.Soot's increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate. “This forcing is unusually effective，causing twice as much global warming as a carbon.dioxide forcing of the same magnitude，”Hansen noted.
6 Hansen cautioned.although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial，it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century.Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing f10r也e rest of this century.
7 The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was 1arge in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes.These observations were consistent with the researchers' climate model simulations，which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.
词汇：
soot n.煤烟，煤灰
emission n.释放，散发，排放
simulation v.模拟
latitude n.纬度
glacier n.冰川，冰河
albedo n.反照率
permafrost n.永冻层
forcing n.温室作用
dioxide n.二氧化物
magnitude n.量，大小
练习：
1.Paragraph 3____________
2.Paragraph 4____________
3.Paragraph 6____________
4.Paragraph 7____________
5.In the twentieth century，soot____________
6.Hansen cautioned that greenhouse gases____________
7. Black soot covered snow and ice____________
8.A soot forcing is unusually effective，which____________
第四部分：阅读理解（每题3分，共45分）
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
第1篇
Medical Journals
Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals.
In the past，these journals were available only in print.With the development of electronic publishing，many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet，and some journals publish only online.A few medical journals，like the Journal of the American Medical Association，are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine.Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine.
Medical journals publish many types of articles.Research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments.Review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature.
Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors，combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing，diagnosing or treating a particular disease.Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat at them.Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors，often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue.
Editorials provide perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic.Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments， questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.
1. The main readers of medical journals are
A）the general public.
B1healthprofessionals. ，
C）medical critics.
D、news reporters.
2. Which of the following statements is NOT true？
A） Many medical journals also publish online.
B）A few medical journals are general medical journals.
C）Most medical journals publish only online.
D）Most medical journals are specialty journals.
3. How many major types of articles are mentioned in the passage？
A、Five.
B）Seven.
C）Four.
D）Six.
4. An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called
A）a research article.
B）a review article.
C）a case report.
D）an editorial.
5.Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on
A）any medical event.
B） articles published in the same issue.
C）articles published in that journal
D）medical development.
第2篇
Common Problems， Common Solutions
The chances are that you made up your mind about smoking a long time ago —— and decided it's not for you.
The chances are equally good that you know a lot of smokers —— there are， after all about 60 million of them， work with them， and get along with them very well.
And finally it's a pretty safe bet that you're open-minded and interested in all the various issues about smokers and nonsmokers —— or you wouldn't be reading this.
And those three things make you incredibly important today.
Because they mean that yours is the voice —— not the smoker's and not the anti-smoker's ——that will determine how much of society's efforts should go into building walls that separate us and how much into the search for solutions that bring us together.
For one tragic result of the emphasis on building walls is the diversion of millions of dollars from scientific research on the causes and cures of diseases which， when all is said and done， still strike the nonsmoker as well as the smoker. One prominent health organization， to cite but a single instance， now spends 28 cents of every publicly contributed dollar on " education " （much of it in anti-smoking propaganda） and only 2 cents on research.
，2017职称英语考试模全真拟试题 卫生类B级第二套