模拟训练
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards,
from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity.
Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their
consequences, argue that rewards cannot improve performance ___1___
at work and school. Cognitive resear-chers, who study various
aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy
creativity by encouraging independence on approvaland gifts ___2___
from others.
The later view has gained many supporters, especially ___3___
among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards
speak creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly ___4___
presented inducements（刺激）indeed aid inventiveness,
according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology. " If kids know they are working for a reward and can
focus on a relative challenging task, they show the most creativity." ___5___
says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delacare in Newark.
"But it is easy to kill creativity through giving rewards for ___6___
poor performance or creating too much anticipation of rewards." ___7___
"A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who
hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up uninspired ___8___
students." Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point,
he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading
standards and restor falling grades.
In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economics, in
that students handle challenging problems and receive ___9___
performance-based points toward valued rewards, show promise ___10___
in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psycholoist claims.
模拟训练（4）
When some 19th New Yorkers said "Harlem", they meant almost
all of Manhattan above 86th Street. Toward the end of the century,
however, a group of citizens in upper Manhtattan want, perhaps, to ___1___
shape a closer and more precise sense of community designated a
section that they wished to have known as Harlem. The choosen area
was the Harlem which Blacks were moving in the first decades of the ___2___
new century as they left their old settlements on the middle and lower
blocks of the West Side.
As the community became predominantly Black, the very word
"Harlem" seemed to lose its old mean. At times it was easy to forget ___3___
that "Harlem" was originally the Dutch name "Harlem", the ___4___
community it described had been found by people from Holland,
and that for most of its three centuries ---- it was first settled in the
sixteen hundreds ---- it had been preoccupied by White New Yorkers. ___5___
" Harlem" became synonymous to Black life and Black style in ___6___
Manhattan. Blacks living there used the word as though they had
coined it on themselves --- not only to designate their area of residence ___7___
but to express their sense of the various qualities of its life and
atmosphere. As years passed, "Harlem" assumed an even large ___8___
meaning. In the words of Adam Clayton Powell, Sr, the pastor of the
Abyssinian Baptist Church, Harlem " became the symbol of the liberty
and the Promised Land to Negroes everywhere.
By 1919, Harlem's population had grown by several thousand. It
had received its share of wartime migration form the South, the
Caribbean, and parts of colonial Africa. Some of the new arrivals
merely lived in Harlem; it was New York they had come to, looking ___9___
for jobs and for all the other legendary opportunities of life in the city.
To others who migrated to Harlem, New York was merely the city
in which they found themselves: Harlem was exactly what they ___10___
wished to be.
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