战略过程——概念、情境、案例英文

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Strategyhasbeendefinedinonewaybutusedimplicitlyindifferentways.Mostpeopledefinestrategyasaplan:aconsciouslyintendedcourseofaction.Plansaremadeinadvanceoftheactionstowhichtheyapplyandtheyaredevelopedconsciouslyandpurposefully.Strategycanalsobeaploy:amanoeuvreintendedtooutwitanopponentorcompetitor.Butdefiningstrategyasaplanisnotsufficient;weneedadefinitionthatencompassestheresultingbehaviour.Strategymaybeapattern;astreamofaction.Bythisdefinitionstrategyisconsistencyinbehaviourwhetherornotintended.Eventhoughfewpeoplewoulddefinestrategythiswaymanyseematonetimeoranotheruseitinthisway.Thefourthdefinitionisthatstrategyisapositioni.e.ameansoflocatinganorganizationinwhatorganizationtheoristsliketocallan"environment."Thisdefinitioniscompatiblewithalltheothers;apositionmaybepre-selectedandsoughtthroughaplanoritmaybereachedorfoundthroughapatternofbehaviour.Eventhoughmostpositionaldefinitionsarebasedontheideaofcompetitionthisviewmaybebasedontheachievementofanyviablepositionwhetherornotdirectlycompetitive.StrategyasapositionhasrecentlybeenextendedtoCollectivestrategyi.e.cooperationbetweenorganizations.Finallystrategyisaperspectiveitscontentconsistingnotjustofachosenpositionbutalsoofaningrainedwayofperceivingtheworld.Inthisviewstrategyistotheorganizationwhatpersonalityistotheindividual.Itsuggeststhatstrategyisaconceptthatallstrategiesareabstractionswhichexistonlyinthemindsofinterestedparties.Whatisofkeyimportancehereisthattheperspectiveisshared.

Plansandpatternsmaybeindependent:plansmaygounrealized;patternsmayappearwithoutpreconception.Wherepreviousintentionsarerealizedwehavedeliberatestrategies.Wherepatternsdevelopedintheabsenceofintentionswehaveemergentstrategies.Purelydeliberateorpurelyemergentstrategiesareprobablyrare.Moststrategiesprobablysitonacontinuumbetweenthetwo(frommostdeliberatetomostemergent):
Planned:centrallyformulatedintentionsarepreciselystatedimplementedusingformalcontrolsandtheenvironmentisbenignorcontrollable;
Entrepreneurial:intentionsarethepersonalandunarticulatedvisionofasingleleaderwhopersonallycontrolstheorganizationwhichisinaprotectedenvironmentalniche;
Ideological:intentionsarethecollectivevisionoftheorganization'smemberscontrolledthroughsharednorms;theorganizationisactivevisàvistheenvironment;
Umbrella:organization'smembersmustactwithinboundariesdefinedbyleadershipandstrategiesarepartlydeliberateandpartlyemergentor“deliberatelyemergent”;
Process:leadershipcontrolsprocessofstrategy(e.g.recruitmentstructure)leavesstrategycontenttoothersandstrategiesarepartlydeliberatepartlyemergentordeliberatelyemergent;
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